What understanding of the afterlife does the epic suggest?
Afterlife for the Mesopotamians wasn't that great. They believed that life after death meant a descent into an underworld. Life was difficult for them and their ideas about the afterlife resembled hardships they faced during their lives while still living.

Chapter 2: First Civilizations
Seven first civilizations emerged independently in locations scattered across the planet, all within a few thousand years from 3500-1000 B.C.E. Beyond the seven first civilizations, other, small civilizations also flourished. As a new form of human society, civilization was beginning its long march toward encompassing almost all of humankind by the twentieth century.
Many scholars of all kinds have been arguing about the origins of civilizations, Civilizations has their roots in the Agriculture Revolution. Thats the reason why they appeared so late in the human story. The first civilization represented a very different kind of human society. All of them were based on highly based on agriculture economies. Various forms of irrigation, drainage, terracing, and flood control enabled these early civilizations. The resources from agriculture is one of the most distinctive features of the first civilizations:cities. As the first civilizations took shape, inequality and hierarchy soon came to be regarded as normal and natural. Upper classes enjoyed great wealth in land or salaries. At the bottom social hierarchies everywhere were slaves. Slavery and civilization seem to emerged together. Women subordination the first civilizations, changing from the more equal relationships of men and women within agricultural villages or Paleolithic bands. Women in Mesopotamia civilization were sometimes divided into two sharply distinguished categories. In Mesopotamia, writing once it had been developed, proved hard to control and operated as a wild card in human affairs. It gave a rise to literature and philosophy, to astronomy and mathematics and in some places to history, often recording of oral traditions.

What do you think of Claudius and Xinchen as leaders?
I think they are both really helpful and giving individuals. They wanted to make the world a better place. I think that Xinchen is a better leader because he took interest in creating benefits of the people and went out of his way to help them. He puts others before himself and I think this is why he is a better leader.

How do we know anything about the pre-literate past?
Written records have long been the chief of data for historians seeking to reconstruct the past. Archeologist contributed much to our grasp of the unwritten past thought their study of human fossils remains, tools, pottery, buildings, art, and more. In the twentieth century, anthropologist and other scholars defended on the few reming gathering and hunting peoples, studying their cultures and collecting their stories, myths, and oral traditions.
Nissa life was quite different from the Paleolithic people. She didn't ask for much but what she had she was fine with. Nissa wasn't raised with much and has lived in a bush throughout her life. As she kept growing she lived and lived. Food was hard for her because her dad had to find it on his own. For Paleolithic people they had to hunt and gather food in order to survive and life.

Out of Africa & The ways we were:
Human migration was really important. Africa has witnessed much less archeological research than other parts of the world. Africa was the place where the "human revolution" occurred and where "culture" became more important than biology in shaping behaviors. Humans began their long trek out of Africa, into Eurasia, Australia, and the Americans, the islands of the Pacific. During the long journeys Paleolithic people were separated and distinct societies. Each with its own history, culture, language, identity, stories and rituals.

Yay I'm done!